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Locative cases

Locative cases

Cases

Estonian nouns and adjectives decline for two numbers (singular, plural) and up to 14 cases (14 for nouns and 10 for adjectives).

These 14 cases can be broken down into two main types: Grammatical cases and Semantic cases.

There are three grammatical cases in Estonian: Nominative, Genitive and Partitive.

The Semantic cases are the 3 Inner Locative cases: Illative, Inessive, Elative; the 3 Outer Locative cases: Allative, Adessive, Ablative; and 5 others: Translative, Terminative, Essive, Abessive, and Cominative.

In todays post we are going to take a look at the 6 locative cases. For some reason, the mention of cases seems to freak out learners whose mother tongue lacks a large case system. However, it shouldnt. It could be said that Estonian really only has three true cases and four case forms: Nominative, Genitive and Partitive (both Singular and Plural). The other 11 cases in the singular are merely suffixes that attach to the genitive singular. These suffixes are perfectly regular as is their attaching to the genitive form. The system is largely agglutinating rather than fusional (in the case of Latin). In this way, you might go as far as saying that these 11 suffixs are rather like prepositions that are widespread in the Germanic and Romance languages. Personally, I find the Estonian system of suffixes rather than extensive use of prepositions in English to be far more transparent and easier to follow. (That is not to say that Estonian doesnt also have its own array of adpositions, but those will be the topic of another day).

Overview of Locative Cases

So, back to focusing on the locative cases.

Inner Locatives
Illative: sisse�tlev into-saying -sse ; answers questions: kuhu? whither?, kellesse? into whom?, millesse? into what
Inessive: sees�tlev in-saying -s ; answers questions: kus? where?, kelles? in whom?, milles? in(side) what?
Elative: seest�tlev in-saying -st ; answers questions: kust? whence?, kellest? (out) of whom?, millest? (out) of what?


Outer Locatives
Allative: alale�tlev onto-saying -le ; answers questions: kuhu? whither?, kellele? (on)to whom?, millele? (on)to what
Adessive: alal�tlev on-saying -l ; answers questions: kus? where?, kellel? on (top of) whom?, millel? on (top of) what?
Ablative: alalt�tlev off-saying -lt ; answers questions: kust? whence?, kellelt? off/ away from whom?, millelt? off/ away from what?

I plan to give an overview of all the locative cases, case by case. In this post we will look at the illative and the other locative cases will follow in later posts.

Formation of the Illative

As mentioned above, the illative is the case that indicates the space, object or person to which a motion occurs. It can translated as to or into. The ending for the illative is -sse and this is, like all locative cases, attached to the genitive form of the noun or adjective in question.

Nominative:  -------- Genitive -------- Illative
maja house -------- maja    -------- maja/sse
voodi bed   -------- voodi   -------- voodi/sse
sadam harbour   --- sadama-------- sadama/sse
s�da heart   ------- s�dame-------- s�dame/sse

Some words that end in -se in the genitive have a shortened illative where this -se syllable is dropped.


�pilane student -------- �pila/se -------- �pila/se/sse or �pila/sse
l�hikene short -------- l�hike/se -------- l�hike/se/sse or l�hike/sse
k�simus question -------- k�simu/se -------- k�simu/se/sse or k�simu/sse
v�itlus struggle -------- v�itlu/se -------- v�itlu/se/sse or v�itlu/sse

Examples

Most often translated by to or into:

Me s�idame homme Tallinnasse We are going to Tallinn tomorrow.
Ma l�hen t�na �htul teatrisse I am going to the theatre this evening.
Laps h�ppas karbisse The child hopped into the box

[aabram: ----- laps h�ppas karbisse is unnatural, while laps h�ppas karpi is normal.]

It can also serve other purposes as the examples below show:

Ta ei usu Jumalasse She doesnt believe in God
Naine armus mehesse The woman fell in love with the man
See ei puutu minusse It does not concern (involve) me

Short Illative

As well as the usual illative forms shown above, nouns can also take a shorter illative form. These short illative forms end in -de, -te, -he, -hu or simply a vowel.

Over the words shown above, two have short illative forms:

maja -------- majja
mina -------- musse

Here are some more words:

Nominative      ----------------- Illative
keel language ----------------- keelesse / keelde
meel sense, mood, mind ------ meelesse / meelde
suur big           --------------- suuresse / suurde
uus new            --------------- uuesse / uude
k�si hand           --------------- k�esse / k�tte
vesi water          --------------- veesse / vette
pea head          --------------- peasse / p�he
suu water          --------------- suusse / suhu

Often, but not always, the short illative form ends in the same vowel as that of the genitive:

Nominative      ----------------- Illative
linn town ----------------- linnasse / `linna
kool school ----------------- koolisse / `kooli
k�la village    --------------- k�lasse / `k�lla
maja house    --------------- majasse / `majja
tuba room      --------------- toasse / `tuppa
tuli fire, light   --------------- tulesse / `tulle

Note that the preceding consonant or vowel is often lengthened to the third degree. `Linna is pronounced with an extra-long n and `kooli is pronounced with an extra o.

The Eesti keele s�ntesaator will give you all the forms of the declined noun that you request. Thus youll be given both the normal and the the short illative. Entering in pood shop, j�gi river, youll be returned with both poesse and poodi,  j�esse and j�kke. Given the choice between the two forms (i.e. if the short form exists), the short form will win out, so much that youll even forget that there is a longer form. It also has an effect on what word will be used for a given entity. The two most common words for shop are pood and kauplus. They both tend to be used as much as each other in the nominative but in the illative, the short illative form of pood (poodi) will win out over the long illative (poesse) and both forms of kauplus (kauplusse, kauplusesse).

[aabram: ------ Some short illatives are never used for into ... and almost exclusively for concerns .... For example you never say ma l�ksin poesse, you say ma l�ksin poodi. But you can say mis sellesse poesse puutub, siis.... In the same vein laps h�ppas karbisse is unnatural, while laps h�ppas karpi is normal.]

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